With horsemeat much in news recently, it’s made me think about way animals were regarded in past centuries and what it reveals a lot about how people viewed their world and their place in. Take, for example, the medieval animal trials.
In the Middle Ages, animals could be arrested and tried in court in exactly the same way as humans. In 1457 a sow was convicted in court of the murder of five year old John Martin and was sentenced to be hanged, but the prosecution could find no evidence that the six piglets, though blood-stained had actually assisted in the murder, so they were released on condition that they should be returned to court if their future conduct proved criminal. Likewise, of the herd of pigs that trampled a swineherd in Burgundy in 1379, only four were executed for leading the charge.
While in the 1200’s a lawyer, Henry de Bracton, successful argued that a horse was guilty of rape for having mounted a nobleman’s mare without consent and should therefore be castrated.
In the Middle Ages all kinds of animals were taken to court. The citizens of Saint-Julien-de-Maurienne in France three times sued a mass of flies which had ruined their vines. The townspeople lost their case when a lawyer argued that God had commanded the flies to be ‘fruitful and multiply’ therefore they were legally permitted to eat the vines. Other lawyers successfully defended rats, the animal not the human variety, using a similar arguments.
Many of the trials centered around the belief that
animals could be demons in disguise, or, in the case of a badger, according to
Abbot Guibert of Nogent in 1120, it was actually the devil himself. And where pests such as weevils, caterpillars,
locusts, moles and flocks of birds were found guilty of destroying crops or
food on the orders of the devil, formal rituals of excommunication were carried
out against them. While in 1474,
a cockerel was put on trial for 'the heinous and unnatural crime of laying
an egg,' which the people feared contained a cockatrice or basilisk .
If a witch was sentenced to be executed, it was
believed she couldn’t die until her imps or familiars were named and killed
first, so many an innocent cat, hare or toad was put into a box and burned
alive, or else tortured in order to make their ‘mistress’ confess. In the St
Osyth witch trials of 1582, Ursula Kemp confessed that her black lamb, Tyffin, which
was one of her imps, spied on her neighbours and told her all their secrets.
But it’s easy to understand why you might stage an
elaborate public execution of an animal if you believed it was a demon and
therefore capable of malicious intent. But why go to the trouble of trying an
animal that had simply mauled someone? It was time-consuming and very expense
to put the animals on trial just as it was for a human. When a bull was
sentenced to be hanged for murder it took two days just to build a scaffold and
pulleys. So if you thought he was dangerous why not simply kill him, as you
would if you were going to slaughter him for meat?
I think the
reason was that an animal turning on a human was regarded as treason. Animals
were considered a lower a form of life in the order of creation and just as when
a servant killed their master, or a wife killed her husband, such a crime was
not simply murder it was considered petty treason and punished as such. In the
case of a wife killing her husband she could be burned to death. So it maybe that the public trial and
execution of animal was seen as warning to the people not to try to overthrow the
natural order and rebel against your betters or you too could find yourself
hanging from the gallows like that unfortunate pig.
I wonder what historians looking back on our century
will deduce about us from who or what we put on trial.
Great post - such lunacy was not confined to the Middle Ages. In 1916 they hanged an elephant for murder in Tennesee!
ReplyDeleteWhat an intriguing post.
ReplyDeleteReminded me of a Julian Barnes novel, where the woodworm that ate through the legs of the bishop's chair, so that the chair collapsed when the bishop sat in it, were tried for heresy. Possibly a real case, then.
ReplyDeleteWhat a fascinating post Karen and you make it all sound so plausible but how does one explain it still happening in 1916 in Tennessee?
ReplyDeleteThere was an interesting article on Slate a few weeks ago on just this topic. Always fascinating!
ReplyDeleteExcellent post - but maybe also, when a pig had eaten a baby, for example, it gave the people the chance to vent their anger? Like when the fox bit the baby in London and people called for a cull?
ReplyDeleteI wonder whether the 'executed' animals were butchered afterwards?
ReplyDeleteAnd to what extent it might be a roundabout way of punishing the owner, by depriving them if their livestock.
(and in the cases where the animal was defended by a lawyer, who paid the lawyer? vine eating flies can't have much cash, surely?)
A very interesting topic.