Marianne North - Victorian traveller and painter of plants: by Sue Purkiss

 (Apologies - life has caught me on the hop, and I don't have a new post for today. However, I'm happy to have the opportunity to repost this one, from seven years ago: it's about one of my favourite historic characters, Marianne North.)

Marianne North was one of those extraordinary Victorian women who wasn't content to follow the usual pattern involving marriage, children, and domesticity. Like the plant hunters, she travelled the world searching for exotic new plants - but in order to paint them, rather than to collect them.

Marianne North at work

What she did would be remarkable if she had been doing it today - but she did it in the Victorian Age, which makes her even more extraordinary. The conventional image of Victorian women is that they sat at home looking demure, painting water colours and doing embroidery. But some of them weren't content with that kind of life, and they not only broke the mould but utterly smashed it - by climbing the Alps, by writing great novels - and by exploring dangerous corners of the world: women such as Lady Hester Stanhope, Gertrude Bell and Isabella Bird.

Marianne North belongs in their company. She was born in 1830 into a comfortably well-off (and well-bred) family - her father was the Liberal MP for Hastings. Her first passion was for singing, but with a background like hers, a career in music wasn't an option. So then she turned to flower painting. Her sisters married, but Marianne thought marriage was a terrible idea, which turned women into 'a sort of upper servant', and she avoided it. Instead, when her mother died in 1855, she took to travelling with her father, who was also interested in botany. Then when he died some 15 years later, she, at the age of 40, determined to continue her travels, exploring far-flung corners of the world and painting the plants and flowers she found there. She usually travelled alone, finding companions a distraction and an annoyance, and she lived simply - it wasn't a case, obviously, of hopping on a plane and staying in a nice hotel: travelling was difficult, but she did it anyway.

Morning glory climber in South Africa

She wasn't formally trained, so maybe this is why her paintings are so unlike conventional botanical illustrations, in which the plant is shown against a white background. Marianne shows her flowers in context, where they grew - though she clearly took some liberties in order to show a beautiful view or an interesting insect: she didn't simply paint what she saw. Also, she didn't use water colours, she used oils, so her paintings are dense with brilliant colour - full of drama and absolutely wonderful.

In 1879 she offered her paintings to Sir Joseph Hooker, the Director of Kew Gardens. She designed a special building for them, and decreed how they were to be hung: close together, and grouped according to geographical area. However, she lost one fight. She wanted visitors to be served tea or coffee (so sensible!) but Sir Joseph huffed and puffed and said he was running a scientific institution, not a cafe. But she had the last word - she painted a tea plant and a coffee plant above the entrance.

The gallery at Kew

I think I first heard about Marianne North when I went to Kew Gardens when I was researching my children's novel about plant hunting, Jack Fortune, though for some reason I didn't go to the gallery then - I probably didn't know about her till I'd been to the shop, where I bought a pack of reproductions of her paintings. I was enchanted by their boldness and brilliance, and one of them showed a view of the Himalayas through a framework of foliage, which was in my mind as I wrote about my characters' first sighting of the mountain which plays a pivotal part in the book:

Then, between two houses, Jack saw something that stopped him in his tracks. In the distance he could see immense mountains with snow glistening on their peaks. “Look, Uncle!” he breathed.

 
His uncle stood still. He didn’t say a word, and Jack glanced at him. He was gazing at the distant peaks with a look of the most desperate longing on his face. Jack suddenly saw just how much his uncle wanted – no, needed – to reach them. On impulse, he touched his arm, and said seriously, “It’ll be all right, Uncle Edmund. We will get there. I promise you we will.”

His uncle looked surprised. Then he smiled sadly. “I hope so, Jack,” he said. “Oh, I do hope so!”

I showed this picture to the cover designer for Jack Fortune, and he used it as a starting point for the cover. A tiny nod towards Marianne North, and I'm sure she would have been bemused by it - but I'm happy to have made it. And if you go to Kew, be sure to visit the Marianne North Gallery - I promise you, you will be enchanted.

A Victorian Marital Disaster

by Stephanie Williams

In the 1850’s the public breakdown of the marriage of Edward Bulwer-Lytton and his wife Rosina filled the press with a scandal that resounded through the drawing rooms of Mayfair and the back-rooms of Westminster. It’s a case that makes Johnnie Depp and Amber Heard look like a walk in the park.

You only have to look at his portraits to know you are dealing with a rogue. That knowing gaze, the laid-back look, the ringlets and slightly unkempt auburn hair.

Edward Bulwer-Lytton © Henry Lytton Cobbold 

Edward Bulwer-Lytton, first Baron Lytton – of Knebworth Hall – member of parliament, and for a brief time Secretary of State for the Colonies, has a reputation for being a wit and a dandy. He is also a famous and prolific writer – in his time selling almost as well as his good friend Charles Dickens. To Bulwer-Lytton we must credit such phrases as ‘pursuit of the mighty dollar’, ‘the pen is mightier than the sword’, ‘the great unwashed’, and ‘it was a dark and stormy night'. The Last Days of Pompeii, published 1834, was a best-seller for decades; his melodrama inspired Wagner.

As a Cambridge student, his virginity is lost to Bryon’s famous lover, Lady Caroline Lamb, in 1824. He is 21, she is nearly 40. When their affair comes to an end, he consoles himself in Paris among the fashionable ladies of le beau monde.

On the day before his 23rd birthday, Edward returns to London. That evening, his mother takes him to what he fears will be a very boring soirée. There he sets eyes on green-eyed, dark haired Rosina Wheeler, a noted and well-educated Irish beauty.

© National Portrait Gallery, London

You could say it was doomed from the start 

 His mother wanted him to marry money. She forbade the marriage, cut off his allowance, refuses to speak to him and forces him to work. Rosina’s mother, Anna – who at this time Rosina finds slightly embarrassing -- is regarded as a dangerous radical: a socialist and one of the nation’s first campaigners for women’s rights. She thinks Edward is a worthless dandy.

In 1827 the couple set up home in an expensive house in Oxfordshire.

Edward, who had won the chancellor’s medal for English verse at Cambridge, has no choice but to write for his living. Once inspired, he is in a state of fierce concentration. When finished, he sinks into depression. In May 1828 Rosina is in the final weeks of her first pregnancy when half-way up a ladder in the library fetching a book for him, she tells him she feels faint. 

‘He stared at me blankly for a moment, and then suddenly sprang to his feet. A look of hideous fury filled his face. He made a vile curse and pushed me to the ground. The next thing he did, was kick me in the side with such savage violence that I fainted from the pain.’

The next day, he is all sweetness – brushing away any reference to what had happened. Rosina cannot believe his behaviour. Meanwhile, he tells the servants she merely had fall. When their daughter Emily is born a month later, she is immediately given to a wet-nurse. From that time Rosina is scarcely permitted to see her. With his literary career flourishing, they move to London. Edward adds politics to his workload. The birth of a son in November 1831 does nothing to rekindle the marriage. By his own admission, Edward, with his tendency to melancholy, has a vicious temper and voracious sexual appetite. And is now flaunting an affair with a society beauty, Mrs Robert Stanhope. 

In an attempt to repair the marriage, Edward and Rosina travel to Italy – to Rosina's surprise, Mrs Stanhope, with her husband in tow, appears on the Channel crossing to accompany them. Terrible scenes erupt in Naples, where Edward, accuses of her of infidelity with a Neapolitan prince. He attacks her again, this time with a knife. 

'I had frightened myself, as well as Rosina… I possessed a temper so constitutionally violent that it amounted to a terrible infirmity. She should, after all our years together have understood that it was inhumane to tamper with so terrible an infirmity as mine. '

Back in England, they agree to separate. Both are just 33. Edward awards Rosina an allowance that is pitiful. She is denied access to her children. Rosina is forced to write. She does not hold back. Her 1839 novel, Cheveley, or the Man of Honour, takes Edward apart revealing such physical abuse that The Age newspaper dubbed him ‘Wifewhack’.

They are now equally obsessed with loathing one another. In 1847, their daughter Emily, who had spent her life consigned to various governesses, died of typhus fever in poor lodgings, aged nineteen. Rosina, who had to force admission to her death bed, accused him of wilful neglect.

Emily, © Henry Lytton Cobbold

Now Rosina pursues him with embarrassing public pronouncements at every opportunity: writing to Prince Albert decrying the Queen’s support for such a scoundrel by giving a royal premiere of his play, Not So Bad as We Seem in 1851, and posting advertisements around Devonshire House for Even Worse than We Seem by 'Sir Liar-Coward Bulwer Lytton, who has translated his poor daughter into Heaven, and nobly leaves his wife to live on public charity.'

In June 1858, Edward canvasses for re-election as Colonial Secretary in Hertford. Rosina plasters the town with flyers denouncing him. She takes to the hustings herself to tell the world what a man he is. In response, he has her committed to a lunatic asylum. 

 The outcry against him – spearheaded by Rosina’s women friends -- will not be silenced. He has a chat with Dickens at his club who warns him this is a scandal he will not survive. Within three weeks, Rosina is released. 

Both make extensive records of their feelings. As time goes by Rosina’s prose gets wilder and wilder. It may be the drink – of which he accuses her – speaking. But by now she has also realised the validity of many of her mother’s ideas on the rights of women. She will go on to publish a further 20 novels exposing the ill treatment of wives, haunting him for the rest of his life.

'The representative of Romance.'

Vanity Fair, Oct 29 1870

Bulwer-Lytton dies in 1873. Lonely and ill, still often mocked, he is covered in honours: a baronetcy and a peerage, knight grand cross of St Michael and St George and is buried with huge pomp in Westminster Abbey.

She lives on, still beautiful, troubled by pain, sorrow and debt. She dies in obscurity in 1882. Her own grave in Upper Sydenham lay unmarked for over one hundred years, until in 1995 when her great-great grandson arranged for a tombstone with the inscription she had requested: 'The Lord will give thee rest from thy sorrow, and from thy fear, and from the hard bondage wherein thou wast made to serve.'

Rosina’s most immediate legacy was passed to her granddaughter Lady Constance Georgina Bulwer-Lytton (1869–1923), who became one of the heroines of the Edwardian women's suffrage movement. 

But that’s another story.

Himiko the Shaman Queen ~ by Lesley Downer

‘Your ambassadors have arrived here with your tribute, four male slaves and six female slaves plus two pieces of cloth with designs, each 20 feet in length. You live very far away across the sea; yet you have sent an embassy with tribute. Your loyalty and filial piety we appreciate exceedingly. We confer upon you therefore the title “Queen of Wa Friendly to Wei,” together with the decoration of the gold seal with purple ribbon. We expect you, O Queen, to rule your people in peace and to endeavour to be devoted and obedient.’

Emperor Cao Rui of the state of Wei, China, to Pimiko, Queen of Wa, 238 AD

Lady of the period with haniwa
terracotta figure showing clothing
 and hairstyle 

All-powerful Himiko

Two thousand years ago the land we now know as Japan was a patchwork of over a hundred small kingdoms, perpetually at war. Armies fought to grab more and better land for farming and to control the water supplies of river and lakes, fighting with bows and arrows and stone and bronze weapons. They lived in fortified communities surrounded by moats and walls with watch towers and gated fences, where the king lived in the inner enclosure.

In 190 AD thirty of these kingdoms decided they’d had enough of warfare. The kings made a truce and formed a federation and, seeing that men had proved unable to maintain the peace, they appointed a woman to rule over them. It was a little more than a hundred years after Boudicca led her ill-fated rebellion against the Romans. But these kings chose not a warrior queen but a woman who had a very different sort of power.

Haniwa - figure of a shamaness

Shamans were the heart of this society. They formed a bridgehead between the human and the divine, interceding with the gods and the ancestors to ensure that the weather was good, crops were abundant, and to protect against disasters like earthquakes and fire. They carried out secret rituals and presided over festivals wearing awe-inspiring bronze mirrors that reflected the sun’s rays. Many of these visionaries and prophets were women and it made sense to appoint one as their ruler.

Out of the mists of time
The kings chose a woman of extraordinary powers called Himiko. She was nineteen or twenty. Hers is the first name in Japanese history to come floating out of the mists of time.

Shaman at an altar, 
Yoshinogari Yayoi village

She set herself up in a palace surrounded by towers and stockades and guarded by a large and formidable army, with a thousand women attendants and one man to serve her food and drink and act as her spokesperson. There she set about conducting the rites and rituals necessary to keep the gods on side and the crops flourishing. To maintain the mystery necessary for communing with the gods, she was seldom seen in public.

She didn’t just deal with religious affairs, she also wielded temporal power. She issued laws and ensured that her country remained at peace and her people were law-abiding and peaceful.

In 238 when she was fifty, she sent a diplomatic mission on the long and enormously dangerous journey by ship, palanquin, ox cart and horseback to Luoyang, the capital of the neighbouring empire of China, with tribute for the emperor, a bit like the ancient Britons sending an envoy to Rome, but a lot further. China was huge and powerful and very advanced and dominated the neighbouring kingdoms. To have the Chinese emperor’s seal of approval was the ultimate accolade.

Warehouse and market area,
Yoshinogari Yayoi Village 

The emperor accepted Himiko’s tribute and recognised her as Queen of Wa, meaning ‘Dwarf Country’, the rather insulting Chinese name for foreign peoples. As well as the gold seal with purple ribbons he sent other gifts including a hundred bronze mirrors, enormously valuable and an essential resource for conducting rituals. He also sent a legation to study the small island kingdom and they produced a series of reports.

  

Emperor Cao Pi of Wei

Chinese envoys in the land of Wa

The Japanese had no writing, whereas the Chinese did, though there were some Japanese scholars who were able to read Chinese. Thus we know about Himiko from Chinese sources, not Japanese.

 

This was all a very long time ago and there are quite a few mysteries. For a start the name ‘Himiko’ is written ‘Pimiko’ in Chinese but for some reason in Japan she is always known as ‘Himiko’. Her country is known as Wa or Yamatai. It’s not even certain where it was. It may have been in the northern part of the island of Kyushu or, more likely, in central Japan, around where the ancient capital, Nara, was later built.

A Virgin Shaman
The Chinese envoys recorded that Himiko was quite elderly and came from a long line of queens. They called her country Queen Country because there were so many women rulers.

She never married, they wrote, but ‘occupied herself with magic and sorcery, bewitching the people. Thereupon they placed her on the throne.’

Yoshinogari guard house

Yamatai prospered under Himiko’s rule and had more than 70,000 households, well-organised laws and a taxation system and thriving trade. Her people were gentle and peace-loving. They dined on rice and many other sorts of grain, alongside wild boar and deer and plentiful supplies of fish, all of which they served on beautifully burnished pottery dishes and ate with their hands.

They cultivated mulberry leaves to feed silkworms and wore beautifully woven garments of silk, linen, cotton or hemp, depending on their social standing. Men wore headbands and loose kimono-like garments while women looped their hair and wore jackets over long skirts, tied in place with obi-like belts. Some wore garments like ponchos which they slipped over their heads. Men of high status had four or five wives while the lower-ranking had two or three. Women, said these Chinese observers, were faithful and not jealous.

 

Hashihaka grave mound, Sakurai, Nara Pref

This was very much a hierarchical society. When a lower-ranking person met a superior on the road, the lower-ranking person bowed and stepped aside. They added that ‘in their meetings and in their deportment, there is no distinction between father and son or between men and women’, which the Chinese officials, with their strict Confucian notions of hierarchy, found extraordinary. And they had slaves who were catalogued like merchandise when they were sent to the Chinese emperor as part of Himiko’s tribute.

They also tattooed both their faces and bodies, one purpose being to protect themselves from dangerous fish when they went diving. They coloured their faces with pink or scarlet paint. ‘They are much given to strong drink,’ the chroniclers noted. ‘They are a long-lived race, and persons who have reached 100 are very common. There is no robbery or theft and litigation is infrequent.’

Himiko’s grave mound
By 247 trouble was brewing. Himiko sent a message to the new Chinese governor in Korea, complaining of hostilities with one of the other Wa states and asking for Chinese support.

But in 248 she died. She was around 80 and had ruled for 60 years. She was as awe-inspiring in death as she had been in life. She was given a burial appropriate for a queen of such extraordinary power and status.

 

Haniwa warrior, Tokyo National Museum,
National Treasure

‘A great mound was raised over her, more than a hundred paces in diameter, and over a hundred male and female attendants followed her in death,’ say the Chinese records. According to another source she was buried not with a hundred but a thousand slaves. But archaeologists say that there is no evidence of human sacrifice in Japan so perhaps she was buried with terracotta haniwa attendants such as fill later tomb burials.

After Himiko’s death a king took the throne but the people refused to obey him. There were assassinations and murders and more than a thousand people died. Finally they installed a new ruler, a thirteen-year-old girl named Iyo, a relative of Himiko, who was probably also a shamaness. Under this youthful shaman queen order was restored. The Chinese court too recognised her as the ruler.

After Himiko’s death, grave mounds like hers began to spring up around Japan. One of the oldest of these kofun (‘ancient graves’) is the Hashihaka tumulus outside Nara. It’s a heavily-wooded keyhole-shaped hillock with a square front and rounded back, rising steeply out of the paddy fields. Pots from inside have been radiocarbon-dated to 250 AD, around the time of Himiko’s death, leading some scholars to conclude that this may be her tomb. If so, that would mean that Himiko’s land of Yamatai was the Nara region.

Himiko is not mentioned in any of the Japanese written records, which were compiled around 700 AD. For a long time she was forgotten. Then in the Edo period there was a growing interest in the country’s history and she was rediscovered. Over the years there have been many debates as to where Yamatai was and whether Himiko actually existed or whether one of the legendary empresses mentioned in the Japanese annals was Himiko under another name.

Today she is very popular indeed and has attained new life as a character in manga, anime, video games and films.


Lesley Downer is a lover of all things Asian and in particular all things Japanese. Amazingly she has two books coming out this year. The Shortest History of Japan (Old Street Publications) came out on September 10th - 16,500 years of Japanese history in 50,000 words, full of stories and colourful characters! Meanwhile Eland is reissuing her first ‘real’ book - On the Narrow Road to the Deep North - on October 5th, under her new pen name to acknowledge her Chinese roots - Lesley Chan Downer. For more see www.lesleydowner.com

Image of lady is mine; all other images courtesy wikimedia commons.