Anyone over the age of sixty will remember the school
exercise books of the 1950s that had, on the back cover, multiplication tables
and a list of arcane weights and measures: bushels and pecks, rods, poles
and perches, chains and furlongs. Even if
our maths lessons never ventured much beyond feet and inches, how lucky we were at least
to see those other words, so rich in history. Sometimes you only appreciate things
after they’ve disappeared.
Furlongs (there are 8 of them to a mile), have survived in the world of British horse-racing. The Epsom Derby, for instance, is run over a
mile and a half but this is customarily expressed as 1 mile 4 furlongs. It only
recently occurred to me that the word ‘furlong’ might be related to ‘furrow’. And so it is. It dates from a time when ploughing was a critical time in the farming year.
Turning an ox and plough at the end of a furrow was a difficult manoeuvre,
particularly on heavy soil, so farmers preferred each furrow to be as long as
possible. A furlong, so they say, was the distance an ox could plough before
needing a rest. Furthermore, an acre was the estimated area one ox could plough
in one day. A rough and ready calculation to be sure (I guess it depended on your ox's attitude to life), but it was a measure that would have
been commonly understood and agreed.
How extraordinary it seems to 21st century urbanites who
hardly know a sheep dip from a five-bar gate, that there was once a whole
lexicon of ploughing. An oxgang was the area an ox was able to plough in one
season. It was about 15 acres, which tells us, give or take and allowing for
wet weather and sacrosanct Sundays, how long the ploughing season lasted. A virgate
was the area two oxen could cover in a season. And if you had a team of 8
oxen - you should be so lucky - you could expect them to plough a carucate of
land. Carucate: a wonderful word now
lost to everyone but compilers of crosswords.
Then there were poppy seeds and barleycorns, perhaps the
most picturesquely named measurements of all. Three barleycorns, dry and round
and placed end to end, were the original standard for the British inch. This
was officially the case up to 1824 when the Weights and Measures Act was passed by Parliament.
We adopted the word ‘inch’ from the Romans, by the way. Their uncia, or
pollicus, the breadth of the base of a man’s thumb, was one-twelfth of a Roman
foot. And speaking of feet, barleycorns are still used in shoe-sizing: the
difference between, say, a size 10 and a size 9 being one-third of an inch, or
1 barleycorn. A poppy seed was reckoned to be a quarter the length of a barleycorn. So if the shoe pinches you might need an extra 4 poppy seeds of toe room.
One more measurement for your entertainment. You will know
the expression, ‘give him an inch and he’ll soon take a mile’. An earlier
version was, ‘he’ll soon take an ell.’
So what, pray, was an ell? It was the distance from a man’s
elbow to the tip of his middle finger, about half a yard. A double ell, a yard, was the
commonly used measurement for cloth and in any tailor’s workshop you would have
found a wooden measure called an ell-stick or ell-wand.
Today we have centimetres and metres. How excruciatingly
dull.
