Let's get the Olympics out of the way shall we? Catherine Johnson

Ok, I know many of you have already yawned, or worse clicked your mouse and moved on. But they are coming, and living as I do, a hop and a skip from the massive new entity that is the Olympic Park I really can't ignore the games.

Of course I can't help mourning what has been lost, the island of allotments where we had summer barbeques, the mountain of used fridges that soared higher than a house, the acres and acres of empty, ignored space. And actually I am going to make a brief digression here. Poor old London is worn out, every bit of her used up these days, I don't know how many of you saw the Punk Britannia documentary on BBC4, but there was footage of Covent Garden in the late 70s, empty and derelict with grass, yes grass, growing up through the cobbles. I can just about remember it.
 
 But back to the Olympics. I am not a fan of crowds or sport - much - but the London Olympics are special in my family. In 1948 my Dad arrived in London. He had spent almost a year in disembarked in Liverpool after travelling from New York and Florida and Jamaica, but Liverpool in 1947 wasn't the friendliest place for a Jamaican, there were race riots and he thought he'd come to London, find some work and watch the games. My Mum still has his programmes, annotated with who won what in how many seconds. If he was alive he'd have loved tickets for the athletics, what's more  he'd have told me off for being such a curmudgeon about the cost and the impact and the horrible commercialism.

Enjoy it, he'd say, like everything else, they'll be over soon.

The Englishman, the Frenchman and the Olympic Games by Barbara Mitchellhill

In 776 BC the Olympic Games were founded in Greece and were open to all free men who could speak Greek. They were celebrated every four years in Olympia until 393AD and then, so records show, they stopped. So, you may be wondering how and why these ancient athletic competitions were reinvented to bring us the modern International Olympic Games which will take place this year in the UK. How it came about is an interesting story of the dreams and determination of two men.

In 1809 in a small market town in Shropshire, a most remarkable man was born. He was William Penny Brookes, one of three sons of the local doctor in the parish of Much Wenlock. Prior to going to St Thomas’s Hospital in London, William learned doctoring skills by working alongside his father. Later, he went to study medicine in Paris and Padua, developing a particular interest in the classical theories of maintaining a healthy body to create a healthy mind. While in Paris, his father died and William returned home to take over the vast medical practice in the ancient borough of Wenlock. 

At thirty eight, he became a JP where he came face to face with petty criminals and drunkards in the community which sparked his interest in structured physical exercise and education for the working classes so that, in the same year, he initiated the setting up or the Wenlock Agricultural Society (WARS) where anyone could subscribe to and attend classes held by the Society in art, music and botany. Subsequently the Olympian Class was set up in 1850 to encourage athletics and outdoor recreation by holding an annual Games.

But trouble was brewing in the town.

When Brookes invited ‘men of every grade’ to take part in the Games, he was heavily criticised for insisting that they were open to the working classes. The local vicar, the Reverend Wayne (another driving force in the town and a WARS Committee member) objected most strongly on the grounds that a large number of scantily clad young men would be performing in front of women. He, and many other local dignitaries, had received complaints from people who felt that it would lead to drunkenness, lewdness and riotous behaviour. Brookes and the Reverend Wayne locked horns, resulting in the Olympian Class breaking away from WARS and naming itself the Wenlock Olympian Society which continues to date as the organisers of the Games annually. The first Games were a great success. There was no riot and Brookes’s reputation was safe.

As in the Ancient Olympic Games, only men were allowed to enter the athletic events except one year in 1851 when an Old Women’s Race was held for the prize of a pound of tea. ‘Old’ meaning a female out of the first flush of youth (the average age of the women who raced was thirty). ‘Women’ because ‘ladies’ did not run. Though the title had been chosen with care, the event was a disaster. The problem was that the contestants, being poor country women and who worked mainly in the fields where toilet facilities were not available, wore no underwear and so, as they ran, they displayed more than was acceptable, shocking spectators of a more nervous disposition.

All this time, Mrs Brookes did sterling work in visiting local schools to encourage and oversee reading and sewing classes. She must have been concerned about the lack of competitions which girls could enter and apocryphal stories suggest that she encouraged her husband to set up competitions in wonderful categories such as ‘the neatest collar making’ and the ‘fastest knitter’ which I regret didn’t make it into the International Olympics. Prizes were given to the winners in all aspects of the Games. In the early years men were awarded money and later valuable prizes such as silver sups. Women and ladies were never awarded money, rather prizes such as a pound of tea. The children were given books.

The Games flourished and people came from as far away as Liverpool and London and in 1865, Brookes was instrumental in setting up the National Olympian Association in Liverpool with the first National Olympic Games held in 1866 at the Crystal Palace, London. Over ten thousand people came and W C Grace, who was to become a cricketer of renown, won the hurdles event.

Because of his interest in the Ancient Olympic Games, Brookes had for some time been in contact with the Greek Government who had staged a revival of the Games in Athens, the first is 1959. He even asked King George 1 of Greece to donate a prize for his Shropshire Olympian Games and received a silver cup. But his dream was of an International Olympic Games and in 1881 he wrote to the Greek Government requesting that an Olympic Games should be held in Athens which would be open to all nationalities. Sadly, his timing was out. Greece had serious political problems and his suggestion was turned down.

Most people of 71 would probably have accepted that their dream was unlikely to come true and would have settled into a comfortable retirement, but not William Penny Brookes.

In 1889, he invited a wealthy French aristocratic, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, to come to Much Wenlock. At the age of 26 Coubertin was the organiser of the International Congress of Physical Education, and had attempted to introduce physical education into French schools but had failed miserably for want of political support. When, in 1890, he arrived in Much Wenlock to stay with the Brookes family, his spirits must have lifted for he was feted as guest of honour and a meeting of the Wenlock Olympian Games was put on especially for him. Inspired by what he saw, Pierre de Coubertin’s previous ambition was soon replaced with another and, full of enthusiasm, he took the idea of an open international Games back to France.

There was some interest but nothing was done and, despite many challenges, it was Coubertin’s drive, determination and money that brought about a truly open International Olympic Games. He formed the International Olympic Committee and, with his many high-ranking connections, including people within the Greek Government, Coubertin succeeded in launching the modern open Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. His real stroke of genius was in using Brooke’s innovative model for the Games and in determining that, although the Games should start in Athens, they should move every four years from one country to another thus ensuring that all countries had an interest in the Games.

Sadly, William Penny Brookes died four months before the first Games were held in Athens while Pierre de Coubertin became Honorary President of the IOC. He held this position until 1937 when he died penniless in Geneva, having spent his fortune on developing his dream.

The Olympic Games live on, as does the work of the dynamic William Penny Brookes in the Wenlock Olympian Games which are held every year - the Arts events in March and the sporting events in July, all still professionally organised by the volunteer workforce of the Wenlock Olympian Society in true amateur spirit.

Women banned from the Olympic Games! - Katherine Roberts

Imagine the uproar there would be today if women were banned from the Olympic Games!

Yet, when the original games were held at ancient Olympia in 776BC, women were not only forbidden to compete, they were not even allowed to watch... according to strict local law, any married woman discovered in the sacred precinct during the games festival could be taken up nearby Mount Typaeum and thrown to her death from a high cliff.

And yet, despite this harsh penalty, women of ancient times seemed as keen to get to the Olympic Games as they are today – either to win Olympic glory for themselves, or to watch their husbands and sons compete. So if you were a woman living back then, how would you manage it?

Here is a special History Girls guide to securing your ticket…

1. Disguise yourself as a man
After the death of her husband, Callipatira, daughter of the famous boxer Diagoras of Rhodes, took over the training of her son and disguised herself as a man so she could accompany him to Olympia and watch him compete. She was so excited when he won the boys’ boxing that she leapt out of the trainers’ enclosure, forgetting her disguise and exposing herself as a woman in the process. But the judges pardoned her because her father, brothers, and son had all been victorious in their events. They then passed a law that declared trainers must appear naked as well as the athletes, making such disguises impossible in the future.
History Girls verdict: spoil sports!

2. Become a priestess
The one married woman legally allowed to watch the games was the priestess of Demeter, chosen for each festival from among the wives of current celebrities, because the original Olympian sprint (a straight dash down the stadium for a distance of about 200 metres) used to be a suitors’ race for the hand of the goddess Demeter. She got to sit on a marble throne with the best view of the events, so not surprisingly this position proved very popular. In addition to this post of honour, many unmarried priestesses would have served at the temples of the goddesses Hera and Rhea in the sacred precinct at Olympia, and got good view of the games.
History Girls verdict: the gods work in mysterious ways.

3. Buy a horse
Both horse and chariot races took place in the Hippodrome at Olympia, and the prestigious olive crown went to the owner of the winning horses, not to the jockeys or charioteers hired to do the dangerous job of racing them. In this way Kynisca, daughter of the King of Sparta, “won” the chariot race twice in 396BC and 392BC, and had her statue erected in the sacred precinct at Olympia. She started a trend, and many other women trained horses that went on to win at the Olympic Games.
History Girls verdict: what is it with girls and horses?

4. Remain single
The Olympic judges had no problem with unmarried girls, or even with women “of dubious profession”, who were all permitted to watch the Games. In fact, the five-day festival was an excuse for parties, and with so many athletic men deprived of the company of their wives, the girls would have done a good trade.
HG verdict: the “oldest profession” has its perks!

5. Visit another year
The ancient Olympic Games, like those of today, took place once every four years. During the three years between, Olympia was perfectly safe for women, and girls could compete at special games of their own, the Games of Hera dedicated to Zeus’ wife. The only contest was the sprint, held over a distance of about 160 metres (40 metres shorter than the Olympic distance for men and boys), and fortunately the girls did not have to run naked.
HG verdict: sounds like a booby prize to me.

6. Build a time machine
The law against married women at Olympia was enforced well into the Christian era, despite the introduction of short foot-races for girls at the other three main games festivals held at Nemea, Corinth and Delphi. Even at the revival of the Olympic Games in Athens in 1896, there were no events for women, although they could attend as spectators without fear of the death sentence. It wasn’t until the second modern Olympic Games, held in Paris in 1900, that women were allowed to compete – though by this time chariot racing had turned into more ladylike pursuits such as tennis, and Charlotte Cooper of Great Britain became the first woman to win a gold medal at the modern Games by winning the tennis singles.
HG verdict: Up the Girls!

A version of this article was first published in The Lady, 2004.

Katherine Roberts’ "The Olympic Conspiracy" (part of her out-of-print Seven Fabulous Wonders series for ages 10+) is now available as an e-book for the special introductory price of 86p / 99c until October 31st.

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http://www.katherineroberts.co.uk/