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| John Masefield, 1912 |
Back in 1919 John Masefield published a long narrative poem
called ‘Reynard the Fox’, neglected in this day and age not only because it’s
all about the now controversial subject of fox-hunting but also because, as
verse, the best you can say is that it’s workmanlike but often
stiff. It is, however, full of true
emotion for the English countryside and was a best-seller in its day, probably
because it conjured an already old-fashioned pastoral vision of England which
was welcome after the horrors of the First World War. (Masefield was exempted
from military service but worked as a hospital orderly in France in 1915.) Just
so did Siegfried Sassoon seek retreat into his own ‘Weald of Youth’ in the
character of his gauche young alter ego George Sherston, whose activities
(‘Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man’ 1928), compared with the slaughter of the
trenches, must have seemed the harmless pastime of a lost Arcadia. Even though Oscar Wilde, in ‘A Woman of No
Importance’ 1893, apostrophised
fox-hunting as ‘the unspeakable in pursuit of the uneatable’, his was an aesthete’s sneer at the English country gentleman
rather than a plea for animal rights. A
century ago, almost no one felt any qualms at all about the ethics of hunting
foxes.
Masefield’s poem falls into two parts: the first from the
point of view of the hunters and the second from that of the fox. This second
half is the most readable today, although I recommend the entire poem to anyone
with an interest in getting a feel for autres
temps, autres moeurs. It’s fascinating that though there’s no hint of
condemnation for the huntsmen – whom Masefield clearly regards as jolly good
sports – nevertheless the poem expresses intense sympathy for the fox and
identifies with his plight:
… They were nearer now, and they
meant to kill.
They meant to run him until his
blood
Clogged on his heart as his brush
with mud,
Till his back bent up and his
tongue hung flagging,
And his belly and brush were
filthed from dragging,
Till he crouched stone-still,
dead-beat and dirty
With nothing but teeth against
the thirty…
What’s this about?
How can someone approve of fox-hunting, as Masefield did and Sassoon did
– and yet write with such pity, such empathy for the victim? And this is not the only fox in Masefield’s
work. One of the most memorable characters in his children’s book ‘The Midnight
Folk’ (1927) is the fox Rollicum Bitem, whom the young hero Kay overhears
singing this excellent little ditty:
‘Oh pretty bunnies, let’s come
for a stroll.’
‘Oh
no, no, no; you’re a fox.’
‘A fox, pretty dears; can’t you
see I’m a mole?’
With a weaselly stoaty, snap at
his throaty, Ho says Rollicum Bitem…
Despite his rabbiting propensities, Bitem is one of the
‘good’ characters, and Kay earns his friendship by saving him from the trap set
by the wicked gamekeeper:
‘A trap?’ Bitem said; ‘and Keeper
watching from a tree? I am very much obliged to you, Mr Kay. I must be gone from here by the secret door.
I’ll move off to my place Wicked Hill way.’
Of course Masefield’s fox is a hunter himself – as all foxes
are – and this delightful children’s fantasy makes (excuse me) no bones about
the fact: Bitem, in cahoots with Kay’s household cats, kills off most of the
rabbits in the South Warren. Many of
Kay’s animal friends are predators, including Blinky the owl: the animals even
use body parts while mapping out their hunt:
‘This hen’s head is the big yew.
That rabbit-skin is the boggy patch; you know the place. Then here is where we
got the partridge chicks. I’ll put this pheasant’s tail to mark the end of the
South Warren…’
It’s a truism that societies which hunt their own meat –
instead of, as most of the rest of us do, delegating the hard work and buying
it ready packaged in a shop – feel a special respect for the animals they
kill. I understand how this could arise.
If you can empathise with the prey, if you can imagine yourself inside the skin
of a deer stepping through the forest or of a hare quivering in the long grass,
you will be better able to predict its behaviour and this will lead to more
successful hunts. But empathy comes at a
price. Having stepped out of yourself
and (at least partly) identified with the deer, you can’t escape imaginatively
sharing its terror and pain, and you feel the need to make some recompense,
some ritual gesture of respect to appease its spirit.
It’s not likely that any other predator on earth feels this
way, but it explains why human hunters, right down to Masefield and Sassoon, express such fellow-feeling for their prey.
Hunter/hunted is a deeply ambiguous relationship. Rollicum Bitem and
Nibbins the cat quite realistically feel no pity at all for the rabbits which
they ‘clean out of’ the South Warren; nor is the child reader, such as my
younger self, expected to be upset. (I wasn’t.) Yet if this were a story in
which rabbits were the main characters, as in ‘Watership Down’, their fate
would become of vital imaginative importance.
Our sympathy is directed, rarely universal.
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| Siegfried Sassoon, 1917 |
Here’s Sassoon, in character as little George Sherston,
sitting on his pony and watching a fox come out of the covert:
Something rustled the dead
leaves; not more than ten yards from where we stood, a small russet animal
stole out on to the path and stopped for a photographic instant to take a look
at us. It was the first time I had ever seen a fox, though I have seen a great
many since – both alive and dead. By the time he had slipped out of sight again
I had just begun to realize what it was that had looked at me with such human
alertness. Why I should have behaved as I did I will not attempt to explain,
but when Denis stood up in his stirrups and emitted a shrill “Huick-holler,” I
felt spontaneously alarmed for the future of the fox.
“Don’t
do that, they’ll catch him!” I exclaimed.
While the boy Denis is the complete little huntsman, young
George is naïve and untaught. He openly sympathises with the animal – and is
rebuked by his mentor, the groom Dixon: “Young Mr Milden won’t think much of
you if you talk like that. He must have thought you a regular booby!” Sassoon offers no comment other than George’s
unhappiness: “My heart was full of misery.” But the text makes it clear it’s because of social embarrassment and the realisation he’s made a fool
of himself, not because he's sorry for the fox. In real life Sassoon continued to hunt and to enjoy hunting. However, we might regard George’s desire to conform, to do what all the others do as –
perhaps – a critique of the impulse which would later take him and so many of
his contemporaries unquestioningly to war.
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| Lord Dunsany, 1915 |
In a rather lovely book ‘The Strange Journeys of Colonel
Polders’, 1950, the Irish writer and poet Lord Dunsany (eight years older than
Sassoon, he too spent time in the trenches) tells how, compelled by a magical spell, the eponymous Colonel’s
spirit transmigrates into the bodies of a great number of different animals.
Living each life through till death, the Colonel is then immediately reincarnated as some other
creature. Here he describes how, as a fox, he lay in wait for wild
duck:
Getting one was very easy. One
does it chiefly by patience. It is a thing we have not really got. Not as I had it then. One may speak of having
patience, but one only means in comparison with other men. One has not patience
in comparison with a fox. I had patience as one has warmth and breath. I did
not even wish for the ducks to hurry, any more than you hurry your
breathing. I waited in the beauty of the
evening and knew they would come near in time. The colours changed in the sky,
the glow faded, the big stars came out, and then all of them, and I needed
nothing at all to solace my waiting, because it was part of the evening, as the
evening was part of the rest.
I don’t know if you will
understand me. It is hard to make myself clear to you. We are all outside that
now. But then I was a part of it all, and I no more hurried than the Evening
Star. The ducks began to give their comfortable quacking, not the kind that
warns of any alarm. And then one of them swam close to me, close enough for me
to spring. But I did not move. I waited till
its head was down in the water. Then I
sprang.
When I had got my duck I went
away, and all the stars guided me…
As you might imagine of an Irish peer of his era, Dunsany
was a keen fox-hunter. He was also a
campaigner for animal rights who argued against the ‘docking’ of dogs’ tails
(there’s a deliberately upsetting bit in ‘The Strange Journeys of Colonel
Polders’ in which the Colonel, as a spaniel, has his tail docked) and in later
life he became chairman of the West Kent branch of the RSPCA. Today it seems a paradox. How could a man who
loved animals so dearly, and wished to protect them from cruelty, also hunt and
kill them? Yet Dunsany writes of each
short animal life (dog, fox, pig, moth, antelope, butterfly, goose, snail… )
with the eye of a naturalist and the lyrical, empathetic prose of a poet. Each
small life has – the Colonel learns – inestimable value. And then each one dies.
In Dunsany’s unsentimental insistence on that simple fact –
the death, later or sooner, of every single individual living creature –
perhaps we can resolve the paradox. Life, I think he is saying, is so much more
important than death that death is almost irrelevant.
Nature is not kind. Wild animals either die quickly by natural
predation or else by disease, starvation or cold. Even Henry Williamson (of ‘Tarka the Otter’,
1927) joined the otter hounds of the Cheriton Hunt as he researched his now
classic book, and far from criticizing the hunters, he socialized with them: he met
his future wife in the process, proposing to her at the Hunt Ball of August 1924.
Yet no one who reads his book can do otherwise than identify with the otter. In
full, it’s entitled, ‘Tarka the Otter: His Joyful Water-Life and Death in the
Country of the Two Rivers.’ It’s
so ambiguous. Does that adjective ‘joyful’ extend to Tarka’s death too?
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| Henry Williamson, 1935 |
‘Reynard the Fox’ was written in 1919; ‘The Midnight Folk’ and 'Memoirs
of a Fox-Hunting Man’ in 1927; ‘Tarka the Otter’ in 1928 - all in the decade after the War. I am not here to defend
the position of these writers, but I think we can make the effort to comprehend
them. They knew a lot about death. They
had seen enough of it. I think instead
they chose to rejoice in life – joyful, sensuous life – for as long as it
might last.
Picture credits:
Henry Williamson by Charles Tunnicliffe, c. 1935 (Wikipedia)
By Janet's Foss, by Bill Wild, 1905 - 1983, woodcut in author's possession, copyright Kirby Malham Parish Church, Yorkshire.
