The Co-op - Celia Rees

One of the delights of 2014 was my Heart of England Co-operative Society Calendar. 

I'm not quite sure why I was sent it, I must have joined on purchasing some item from the local co-op, but I found it fascinating, not only as a time machine taking me back to my childhood, but as a record of how shopping has changed over the last fifty years. 

The Cooperative movement generally traces its origins to the Rochdale Pioneers Society  established in 1844 and based on the 'Rochdale rules', which included: 

1. Open membership.
2. Democratic control (one person, one vote).
3. Distribution of surplus in proportion to trade.
4. Payment of limited interest on capital.
5. Political and religious neutrality.
6. Cash trading (no credit extended).
7. Promotion of education.

 Some Co-operative societies pre-date this, however, and one of these is The Heart of England Co-operative Society which can trace its origins to the  Lockhurst Lane Industrial Co-operative Society founded in the parish of  Foleshill, Coventry in 1832. 

Co-operative Societies grew into existence in order to give ordinary working people access to affordable and reliable goods and services, not just food stuffs, but clothing, insurance and funeral services. 

One of the most important benefits that they offered was the 'divi', a share of profits according to purchases made. Most people of a certain age remember their co-op number - 1786 - since you are asking. It was the first number I memorised and I remember being sent with list and shopping bag up to the Co-op, reciting the number to myself as I went (kids were sent out on errands on their own back then - it was a different world). For my family, the 'divi' was a treat, cashed in and spent at Christmas but for many families it was a lifeline, a vital source of extra money to extend over stretched family budgets or to meet the unexpected, extra expenses, like grammar school uniforms, that without the 'divi' would not have been met. 

I can just about remember the Co-op Grocery with white coated assistants behind counters weighing and wrapping and windows rather like this wonderful Marmalade display from the Bedworth Co-op but even when I was a child retailing was changing. On our High Streets, the butcher, the baker, the greengrocer and the fishmonger cling on but the grocer has gone, replaced by the supermarket. The change is graphically depicted in the calendar. This early example shows what is almost a hybrid shop, with open shelving but the walls still stocked high, a white coated assistant standing by and a notice to instruct the public on to how to go about this new style of shopping:

• Take a basket
• Help yourself to goods
• Pay the cashier

A few years later we have what is much more recognisable as a supermarket, although the white coats are still in evidence and shoppers are still being reminded to take a basket. 

Whatever we might think of supermarkets now, they had yet to be seen as a Bad Thing. They were beacons of modernity and Openings were often greeted with much excitement, as evidenced by this scene with everyone from old ladies with dogs to boys on bicycles present at the opening of the Southam Co-operative Store. 

The picture for October was one of my favourites.

 I particularly love the Hopper-like quality but also relish the brands on display in the window: Tide, Horlicks, Crysella Soap Flakes, Birds Eye, Quaker Oats and Daz washing powder. These photographs perfectly capture a place, a time, the local co-op as an everyday part of ordinary lives. 

(All photographs taken from Heart of England Co-operative Calendar, 2014)

Celia Rees

Industrial Revolution - how I came to love history

Barbara Mitchelhill

Today is my birthday. Hurray. Yes, three cheers! But that said, my birthday was the first thing that turned me off history. It was marred by the fact that it fell on Armistice Day and made me feel unbelievably miserable. From the time I was five, the school assemblies on my birthday were filled with prayers and images of the dead of two World Wars. I was very cross about it. Everybody made such a song and dance about the past while I wanted to concentrate on the present. By the age of eleven, I had come to the conclusion that history was very dull and very boring indeed.

When I went to grammar school, I had a second reason for disliking the subject. Our history teacher was Miss G – a read-page-ten-in- your-books-and-answer-the-questions type of teacher. These dinosaurs of the teaching profession must be extinct by now. I hope so.

Of course, Miss G couldn’t take all the blame for my dislike of history. The curriculum must shoulder some responsibility. That first term at Grammar School covered Ancient Egypt but I don’t remember stories of Egyptian gods or the wonderful artefacts discovered by archaeologists. We studied agriculture on the shores of the Nile. Why I should care about methods of irrigation thousands of years ago? As I had never travelled more than fifty miles from home, Egypt might as well have been on Mars. After the Nile delta, we plodded through the Romans, returned to England with William the Conqueror and worked our way through kings and queens and wars with lots and lots of dates and nothing which sparked my imagination.

Was Miss G really so bad or was it me?

But when I was sixteen all that changed. Suddenly I got it. Suddenly I understood what my history lessons were all about because the subject on the curriculum was the Industrial Revolution. Let me explain. I was born and brought up in Rochdale in Lancashire where evidence of the Industrial Revolution was all around me. There was no doubt about it, I became excited. History was real. Now I understood why how the weavers’ cottages I knew so well, with their loom windows on the top floor, had been made redundant by the huge woollen mill that blocked out the light in our front room. I also learned that even our two up and two down had its own history. It was a part of four streets of terraced houses with back alleys and shared privies which had been built for mill workers, giving them only a short walk to and from the their place of employment.

This was doubtless done for economic rather than humanitarian reasons, most probably to ensure that both adults and children were never late for work. After incredibly long days of labour, it must have been so hard to get up in the morning. These houses were tied to the mill, meaning that employees couldn’t change jobs easily. Their wages were paid partly in tokens which could only be spent at the corner shop. Shrewd move on the part of the mill owners. No wonder they could afford to build grand houses on the outskirts of town.

But I found signs in Rochdale of movements to improve the lot of ordinary people during the Industrial Revolution. For years, I had walked up Toad Lane to the Grammar School, passing a small shop without a glance. With my heightened interest in the period, I found that this very shop was the model for the modern co-ops we all know. The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers was set up in 1844 by a group of weavers and artisans who opened the store to sell food at more affordable prices. Various groups had tried this in other parts of the country, but the shop in Toad Lane is believed to be the first successful co-operative.

If I walked home from school to save the bus fare, I passed a statue of John Bright without registering his name. Yet he was born in Rochdale, the son of a textile manufacturer, served in Gladstone’s cabinet and co-founded the Anti- Corn Law League.

I was so interested that I went to the library and found out that the Corn Law was had a devastating effect on the price of the staple part of poor people’s diet – bread. And when I discovered that my own grandparents had travelled north to Rochdale when agricultural work was in short supply, I realised that living in the country wasn’t all roses round the door but meant no work and empty bellies. My grandmother believed that the grime and dirt of the town was better than going hungry in in the country.

So the past was becoming clearer. It was fitting together. At the grand old age of sixteen I had learned to love history through looking around my own town and at my own family. I had found a realistic way to the past.

Luckily, the teaching of history has change hugely. Young children start by investigating their family roots, by walking around their town, asking questions, drawing plans. They talk to their grandparents about life when they were small. Older people come into schools and talk about their early life. And so history begins where is should begin, with our surroundings and things we can understand. Things that are real. Then the children step back in time, further and further, knowing where they have come from.

Today is Armistice Day – the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month – when the First World War came to an end. I know more about it now than I did when I was ten. I shall think about those who died in that terrible conflict and say a prayer for them -but I shall also have a happy birthday.